Showing posts with label 高王觀音經. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 高王觀音經. Show all posts

Friday, 22 October 2021

The High King Guanyin Sutra as an apocryphal sutra: A responsa of Master Jingkong,

In Chinese Buddhism we find a scripture known as the High King Guanyin Sutra 高王觀音經. This sutra has already been featured twice before on this blog: 

first in translation: https://edwardwhite123.blogspot.com/2020/11/high-king-avalokitesvara-sutra.html  

and secondly as to its preface: https://edwardwhite123.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-original-preface-to-high-king.html 

However, it has recently come to my attention that Some Chinese buddhists consider this sutra an Apocryphal sutra 偽經 and hence a suboptimal means of devotion,  In this post I shall translate a responsa given by Master Jingkong as to this sutra, available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNYVi96YA98

 

這位同修問:「《高王觀世音經》,請問是真經或是偽經?」

A Devotee asked: "Is the High King Guanyin Sutra a true or apocryphal sutra?

答:古大德說這個經是後人偽造的,不是佛說的。

Answer: "The Great Virtuous ones of old stated that this scripture [i.e. the High King scripture] is created by later people, and is not spoken by the buddha

"你喜歡念也可以,總而言之,都是勸善,不是教你作惡的。 You can recite it if you please- after all, it encourages people to do good, rather than evil.

假如你真的有智慧,為什麼不去念《普門品》 But if you really have Prajna [Wisdom], why not recite the "Universal Gate chapter?

或者是《楞嚴經》第六卷「觀世音菩薩耳根圓通章」?Or indeed, the sixth chapter of the Surangama Sutra "The Chapter of Guanyin's Ear root completion?"

華嚴經》跟《楞嚴經》觀世音菩薩這兩章經文都有單獨流通,合《法華經‧普門品》,叫「觀音三經」。"These two chapters, from the Flower Ornament Sutra, the Surangama Sutra, along with the Guanyin Chapter of the Lotus sutra, are collectively called the "Three Sutras of Guanyin."

這是真實的,決定不是虛偽的,為什麼不念這個?這是給諸同修自己去選擇。 These are true scriptures, and are not false. Why not recite those? I leave the choice to all those who intend to cultivate [the Buddhist path]"

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Comments:

When read together with the preface shown above, it is evident why the scripture is considered "false" or 'Apocryphal' as it was not transmitted by the Buddha. As the preface makes plain, this scripture was revealed by a monk who appeared in a dream to someone.

Indeed, Master Jingkong's point actually restores the hierarchy that was inverted in the High King Sutra's preface. Said preface explicitly states that the person to which the sutra was revealed, chanted the Lotus sutra's Guanyin chapter endlessly to no effect.

But, returning to Master Jingkong's speech, he does not state the scripture is harmful: after all, about half the scripture is consisted of nothing but the names of buddhas and Buddhisatvas. Indeed, the comments left beneath the youtube videos suggest that the sutra is still effective- eg reporting cures of cancer after reciting the sutra ten thousand times

Another commentator added that reciting this scripture allowed them to have a dream-vision of their mother

More broadly, one wonders if this rejection of the sutra yet another example of the protestantisation of buddhism- emphasis more securely canonical works, rather than extra-canonical literature like this. In any case, I recently heard form a Singaporean acquaintance, when he tried to ask Internal Printers-- a Singaporean company that exclusively prints Buddhist scriptures-- if they could print this scripture, they refused to do so, saying "it is not a buddhist scripture".

In any case, it is interesting to note that this scripture has also found its way into the Taisho Tripitaka-- albeit under volume 85,the volume of (amongst other things) "Doubtful sutras")

http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T85n2898_001



Sunday, 16 May 2021

The "Original Preface to the High King Guanyin Sutra" 高王觀世音真經 原序: A bilingual edition

In this post I shall translate the "Original Preface to the High King Guanyin Sutra" 高王觀世音真經 原序, which tells a rather dramatic story of religious practise, a monk seen in a dream, and escape from execution. It was previously posted as a twitter thread here, but with some editits, I repost it on my blog now. 


For starters, if you want to read a translation of the sutra itself, see here: https://edwardwhite123.blogspot.com/2020/11/high-king-avalokitesvara-sutra.html 


The preface to this sutra itself is found in the following 19thc. woodblock edition https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDRbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false  


as well as a modern transcription on this blog https://m.xuite.net/blog/tum4vu6/twblog/122883551 also web.archive.org/web/2021030707…

As is oft the case with Chinese texts, there are small variations between the two texts; I will point them out as we go along.



 


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1【高王觀世音真經 原序】 The original preface to the High King Guanyin sutra 


昔五代時有高歡國王。為相州郡主。好殺

During the Five Dynasties period, there was the Prince of Gaokuan. He was the governor of the commandery of Xiangzhou. He liked killing.

 

2。適寶藏官孫敬德誤犯重法。囚禁[就死](1)。專持觀世音普門品經。日夜不歇
 The controller of the treasury 適寶藏官 Sun Jingde was falsely accused of a high crime. He was imprisoned and sentenced to death In prison he chanted the "universal gate chapter "(2) day & night without ceasing 


1)
Words omitted by woodblock

2 The famous 25th Chapter of the Lotus Sutra, wherein the powers of Guanyin are expounded. - E.W.

 

3/ 忽夢見一憎曰。「汝持此經。不能免死。吾勸汝持誦高王觀世音真經一千遍。當脫刑」。名敬德曰。「今在禁中。安得經典」。僧曰。「吾口受汝」。睡覺,敬德便無忘失。(1)虔心誦念得九百遍。

 

3/ One night, he suddenly dreamed of a monk, who said "Reciting this scripture [i.e. the Lotus sutra] will not deliver you from death. I counsel you to recite the high king Guanyin sutra 1000 times, thereupon you will be released from death" . Jingde said, “I am in prison; how May I get this scripture?” The monk replied "I shall transmit it to you orally". (Upon awakening) Jingde did not forget it. He then recited it sincerely, eventually accumulating 900 recitations.

 

(1) Woodblock has for the last sentence “睡覺驚,書便無妄失,志心誦念得九百遍。
 “He awoke with a fright, but yet he did not forget the book; he then sincerely recited it, accumulating 900 recitations.

 

4/ 文案已成。事須呈押。王遂令赴市斬之。敬德畏懼。問監史市之遠近。監史曰。「問何之故?」敬德曰。「時夜夢一僧。令持觀音經千遍。當得免死。今尚欠一百遍。請求緩行!」。隨路急念滿數。 The documents were completed and sealed; The king ordered [Jingde] to be taken to the market and be beheaded. Jingde fearfully asked the gaoler "how far is the market from here?”. The gaoler replied "why do you ask me that?" Jingde answered. “Last night I dreamt of a monk, who ordered me to recite the Guanyin scripture 1000 times. By doing so I would be delivered from death. I have only 100 recitations to go; Sir, I beg you to travel slowly!" On the road to the market, he hurriedly completed the last 100 recitations.

 

5/ [監史從之](1)至市監史乃宣敕斬之。身首不損。刀折三段。
When he reached the market The gaoler received the order to behead him. His head and body did not separate, and the knife split into 3 pieces 

(1) words omitted by internet

 

6/ 呈王。王駭議題問曰。「汝使何幻術。令得如此!」
 The king of wu, in a great fright said "what sorcery is this? I order you to tell me how did you get this power?:

 

7/ 敬德曰。「實無幻術。因在獄中畏死。持誦觀世音普門品經。忽夢見一僧。教誦高王觀世音一千遍。獲福如是。」
Jingde replied "This is no sorcery! I was jailed and in fear of death, and so I recited the universal gate chapter. I then dreamt of a monk who taught me to recite the high king Guanyin sutra 1000 times to protect my fate.

 

8/ 王謂敬德曰。「汝勝於我。與佛何異」。
The king told Jingde. “You have surpassed me! Indeed, your relationship with the Buddha is most extraordinary.”

 

9/ 王喚典獄者。書是經。令諸罪人與死者。各持誦千遍。斬之取驗悉應。
The king ordered the jailor to write down this scripture, He then ordered all those condemned to death to recite the scripture 1000 times. When they were brought to be executed to test the scripture’s effects, it proved effective every time.

 

10/ 王乃敕下。令民普誦。用證福果。世遂傳稱高王觀世音經云。 The emperor pardoned all of them, and ordered the people to recite this scripture, (and thus create roots of goodness). Thereafter this scripture called the "High king Guanyin sutra."

 

11/ 蓋感應之理。誠至斯孚謹述其緣起并載其徵應俾齋心向善者。有所勸云[](1).
 Such is the principle of Ganying (action-response). With great sincerity this truthful description has been recorded, and has been displayed as a truthful account to encourage the hearts of those who would cultivate purity. Let those who have the power to do so, spread it to those who can [hear it]


 (1) *Omitted by woodblock

(I am somewhat unsure about the translation of the last sentence; if anyone can suggest a better translation I would be most glad)

 

~ Analysis ~

The reference to "The knife split into three pieces" is actually a reference to the Universal Gate Chapter of the lotus sutra: As translated by Fo Guang Shan (p 47)

或遭王难苦 临刑欲寿终 念彼观音力 刀寻段段坏 

"Or if persecuted by the royal court,

Facing death by execution;

 Keep in mind Avalokitesvara’s powers,

And the executioner’s blade will break into pieces."

 

The circumstances of this sutra are also worth mentioning here. The lotus sutra, as you may recall, is a translation from the Sanskrit, which came from India, a nation distant and removed from China...

 

What this tale forcefully shows, is that far from buddhism and its buddhisatvas being alien to the Chinese people, these same figures are, on the contrary willing to help, and indeed directly contact, the people of China.

 

Indeed, one could go so far as to say that the tale inverts the expected hierarchy of scriptural authority: The Lotus Sutra, transmitted in the distant past by the historical Buddha, is less explicitly stated to be less effective than this scripture that was revealed directly to a real person in a real time and place by a Bodhisattva-- and indeed, proved to work in exactly the same manner as the celebrated Lotus sutra itself.

 

Such tales like this doubtless contributed greatly to the popularisation and acceptance of Buddhism in China.


Note, however, it is precisely because of this property that some buddhists now reject the scripture as  an authentic scripture: See this post for more; 








Friday, 6 November 2020

高王觀音經 The High King Avalokitesvara Sutra – A bilingual edition

 高王觀音經

THE HIGH KING AVALOKITESVARA (GUAN YIN) SUTRA –

A bilingual edition


This scripture is quite widely spread in China, but is seldom discussed in the west. Continuing in my series of bilingual editions, I have reproduced it here. 


The Chinese text of this edition is Taisho tripitaka No. 2928; It is accessible here 

http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T85n2898_001 


The "Original preface" to the sutra-- which shows how the scripture was revealed to the mortal world is translated here: https://edwardwhite123.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-original-preface-to-high-king.html  In brief, a person wrongly accused of a capital offence had a dream-vision, wherein a monk revealed this Scripture to him. After chanting it a thousand times, the executioner's sword shattered to pieces, saving him. The astonished king who sentenced him to death freed him, and ordered the sutra to be promulgated. 


However, it is precisely because of this revelation, that some buddhists consider it to be an apocryphal sutra偽經. The Taisho Tripitaka puts it under "doubtful sutras 疑似" . For more on this subject  see this post https://edwardwhite123.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-high-king-guanyin-sutra-as.html


Despite these doubts, this sutra was fairly popular in China, as can be evidenced by the numerous editions of this text-- and indeed, one translation into the now-extinct Tangut language. Links to copies of the old sutra will be given at the end of this introduction. 

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I shall feature two translations of this sutra. Both of them are anonymous. The first translation, which I shall call translation A, can be accessed here: 

http://tbsn.org/english2/sutra.php?id=4&keyword=&page=0 

This translation is bilingual.  the Chinese being placed there in pinyin (printed in CAPITALS). This translation is here printed in blue. 


The second, equally anonymous translation I shall call translation B. It  is accessible here https://www.fodian.net/world/2898.html . It is printed in black. 


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 Some of these old woodblock editions can be seen here: